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1240 communities may develop near the interface between the “Three-Gorges Lake” and the remnant forests, which can significantly impact the island biotas and the regional landscape. In addition, changes in land-use patterns due to increased accessibility to mountain tops, in terms of tourism and resettlement of local people, may have various impacts on biodiversity. Aside from island biogeography, other perspectives of biodiversity and fragmentation, including neutral theory (20), metapopulation theory, self-organization of biotic communities, and landscape ecology (1, 21), should be considered.

Many hypotheses concerning fragmentation effects and biota relaxation require empirical data over decades or centuries (7, 8, 22), so it is critical to establish long-term monitoring programs with permanent field sites. Meanwhile, rapid biodiversity loss may occur immediately after “island” formation. For example, Barro …