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METHODS

As noted above, we present a brief background of this considerable literature on intermittent fasting in animal models to provide context to the translational research that has been completed in humans. For human studies, we focus on findings from interventions that examined alternate day fasting, modified fasting regimens, and time-restricted feeding (Table 1). A Medline search in PubMed was performed using the terms “intermittent fasting”,“fasting”,“time-restricted feeding” and “food timing”. In addition, we culled relevant papers from the reference list of research papers as well as reviews of fasting regimens. 3, 4 Inclusion criteria for human studies were:(1) randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized trials,(2) adult male or female participants, and (3) endpoints of changes in body weight or biomarkers of risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer. This is not a formal review or a meta-analysis …