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Prolonged mobile phone use (MPU) is prevalent in adolescents. This study examined the associations between prolonged MPU and academic performance in Chinese adolescents. Participants were 11,831 adolescents who participated in the Shandong Adolescent Behavior and Health Cohort in 2015. We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on demographics, weekday and weekend MPU, sleep duration, insomnia, depression, and academic performance. We obtained a subsample's year-end achievement test scores for Chinese, Mathematics, and English, 3 months after baseline survey (n = 856). Results showed that with prolonged MPU from ≥1 hour/day on weekdays and ≥2 hours/day on weekends, the prevalence of self-reported poor academic performance significantly increased, and the achievement test scores significantly decreased. After controlling for adolescent and family …