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The integration of multiscale micro- and macroenvironment has been demonstrated as a critical role in designing biomimetic scaffolds for peripheral nerve tissue regeneration. While it remains a remarkable challenge for developing a biomimetic multiscale scaffold for enhancing 3D neuronal maturation and outgrowth. Herein, we present a 3D bioprinted multiscale scaffold based on a modular bioink for integrating the 3D micro- and macroenvironment of native nerve tissue. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/Chitosan Microspheres (GC-MSs) were prepared by a microfluidic approach, and the effect of these microspheres on enhancing neurite outgrowth and elongation of PC12 cells was demonstrated. The 3D multiscale composite scaffolds were bioprinted based on microspheres and hydrogel as the modular bioink. The co-culture of PC12 cells and RSC96 Schwann cells within these 3D biomimetic scaffolds were …