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The chemical composition and the in vitro schistosomicidal effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus neochilus (PN‐EO) grown in Southeast Brazil was studied. β‐Caryophyllene (1; 28.23%), α‐thujene (2; 12.22%), α‐pinene (3; 12.63%), β‐pinene (4; 6.19%), germacrene D (5; 5.36%), and caryophyllene oxide (6; 5.37%) were the major essential oil constituents. This chemical composition differed from that previously reported for specimens harvested in Africa. Concerning the in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, PN‐EO was considered to be active, but less effective than the positive control praziquantel (PZQ) in terms of separation of coupled pairs, mortality, decrease in the motor activity, and tegumental alterations. However, PN‐EO caused an interesting dose‐dependent reduction in the number and the percentage of developed S. mansoni eggs. These results suggest that …