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Genetic modification using Agrobacterium-or biolisticmediated gene transfer can overcome the limitations of conventional tree breeding. Alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance selectable markers and how they might be used to overcome potential public concerns are described. Applications of genetic modifications to trees include altered wood properties, speeding up breeding cycles, forests as pharmaceutical factories, dendroremediation, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, as well as the restoration of sensitive landscapes.