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ContextBecause of problems with adherence, toxicity, and increasing resistance associated with 6- to 12-month isoniazid regimens, an alternative short-course tuberculosis preventive regimen is needed.ObjectiveTo compare a 2-month regimen of daily rifampin and pyrazinamide with a 12-month regimen of daily isoniazid in preventing tuberculosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.DesignRandomized, open-label controlled trial conducted from September 1991 to May 1996, with follow-up through October 1997.SettingOutpatient clinics in the United States, Mexico, Haiti, and Brazil.ParticipantsA total of 1583 HIV-positive persons aged 13 years or older with a positive tuberculin skin test result.InterventionsPatients were randomized to isoniazid, 300 mg/d, with pyridoxine hydrochloride for 12 months (n = 792) or rifampin, 600 mg/d, and pyrazinamide, 20 mg/kg per day, for 2 months (n …