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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped excretory organs located on either side of vertebral column in the retroperitoneum. They are highly vascularized organs that help maintain homeostasis and removal of metabolic waste, excess salts, and water from the blood. Renal anatomy and the anatomical variants can be assessed accurately using modern MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) techniques. Advancements in MRI with minimal anesthesia and sedation along with motion artifacts reduction have increased the role of renal imaging. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a quick overview of the kidney anatomy and physiology.