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Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a serious hepatic ailment with impaired immunity and poor treatment options resulting high mortality. Treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) mobilizes CD34⁺ cells in ACLF patients; however its effect on impaired immune responses remains to be elucidated. To analyse the effect of G‐CSF in immune modulation in ACLF.

We have analysed the frequencies of circulating and intrahepatic myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells in ACLF patients treated with G‐CSF (Group A; n = 23) and placebo (Group B; n = 24) using flow cytometry. IFN‐γ production was compared in both groups following stimulation of PBMCs with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA).

In Group A, circulating and intrahepatic mDCs, pDCs (P < 0.04, P < 0.02) and T cells (CD3, CD4 and CD8) increased significantly …