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An ideal plant for environmental cleanup can be envisioned as one with high biomass production, combined with superior capacity for pollutant tolerance, accumulation, and/or degradation, depending on the type of pollutant and the phytoremediation technology of choice. With the use of genetic engineering, it is feasible to manipulate a plant's capacity to tolerate, accumulate, and/or metabolize pollutants, and thus to create the ideal plant for environmental cleanup. In this review, we focus on the design and creation of transgenic plants for phytoremediation of metals. Plant properties important for metal phytoremediation are metal tolerance and accumulation, which are determined by metal uptake, root-shoot translocation, intracellular sequestration, chemical modification, and general stress resistance. If we know which molecular mechanisms are involved in these tolerance and accumulation processes, and which …