查看文章

Nasal epithelium lies on the basement membrane, situated on the lamina propria. Pseudostratified columnar (respiratory) epithelium is composed of four major types of cells: ciliated cells, nonciliate cells, goblet cells and basal cells, ensuring mucus production and transport, resorption of surface materials, and formation of new epithelial cells. Lamina propria consists of two layers of seromucous glands, ie superficial and deep layers. Just beneath the basement membrane, lymphocytes and plasma cells form a lymphoid layer. Maintenance of normal ventilation/aeration of sinus spaces is necessary for normal functioning of paranasal sinuses. The sinus labyrinth spaces and ostia of various sinus areas can be visualized by use of endoscopic techniques, eg, in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Ventilation and normal sinus function can be maintained by this minimally invasive method. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the superior surgical method of treatment for recurrent acute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis, obstructive nasal polyposis, extramucous fungal sinusitis, periorbital abscess, rhinoliquorrhea, antrochoanal polyp, foreign body extraction, mucocele, dacryocystorhinostomy, excision of various tumors of the sinuses, nose, anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa, epistaxis control, optic nerve decompression, choanal atresia, and orbit decompression.. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), a minimally invasive technique, remains the most widely accepted therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyposis (NP) after failure of medical treatment. FESS aims to remove inflammatory mucosa and to restore both ventilation …