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ContextInconsistent data suggest that endogenous sex hormones may have a role in sex-dependent etiologies of type 2 diabetes, such that hyperandrogenism may increase risk in women while decreasing risk in men.ObjectiveTo systematically assess studies evaluating the association of plasma levels of testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol with risk of type 2 diabetes.Data SourcesSystematic search of EMBASE and MEDLINE (1966-June 2005) for English-language articles using the keywords diabetes, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding-globulin, and estradiol; references of retrieved articles; and direct author contact.Study SelectionFrom 80 retrieved articles, 43 prospective and cross-sectional studies were identified, comprising 6974 women and 6427 men and presenting relative risks (RRs) or hormone levels for cases and controls.Data ExtractionInformation on study design …