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The rapid advancement of theranostic nanoplatforms has sparked interest in the development of diverse inorganic nanocarriers with multifunctional properties for biomedical applications. MXenes are new inorganic nanomaterials with unique compositional, structural, and physicochemical characteristics. MXenes have been broadly used in diverse applications ranging from chemical, optical, electronic, and mechanical to biomedical fields. MXenes have excellent prospects for biological applications due to their large surface area and desirable near-infrared (NIR) absorption. Surface functionalization of MXenes with appropriate functionalization agents improves in vivo efficiency, minimises toxicity, increases circulation time, and improves colloidal stability. This review outlines the recent development of MXenes in biomedicines, surface modification techniques, synthesis strategies, and conjugation chemistry. It …