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Between 1996 and 1999 we carried out a case‐control study in 3 areas in Southern India (Bangalore, Madras and Trivandrum) including 591 incident cases of cancer of the oral cavity (282 women) and 582 hospital controls (290 women), frequency‐matched with cases by age and gender. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from unconditional multiple logistic regressions and adjusted for age, gender, center, education, chewing habit and (men only) smoking and drinking habits. Low educational attainment, occupation as a farmer or manual worker and various indicators of poor oral hygiene were associated with significantly increased risk. An OR of 2.5 (95% CI 1.4–4.4) was found in men for smoking ≥ 20 bidi or equivalents versus 0/day. The OR for alcohol drinking was 2.2 (95% CI 1.4–3.3). The OR for paan chewing was more elevated among women (OR 42; 95% CI 24–76 …