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Wide-scale adoption of the Internet of Everything requires decentralized security, responsibility, and trust among the stakeholders. All these can be achieved by a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) backbone. As a mathematical model for enabling this DLT backbone, IOTA’s Tangle is gaining popularity due to its scalability and freedom from transaction fees. Unlike blockchain, the Tangle uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure, and its design does not cover essential blockchain pitfalls, including expensive Proof of Work (PoW), limited throughput, high transaction costs, and significant confirmation delays. The original IOTA is evolving into a Coordinator-less environment, the Coordicide. It requires additional modules, such as auto-peering and a reputation system, to fully exploit Tangle’s scalability and complete decentralization potential. Nevertheless, each new evolutionary update adds complexity and …