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Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic drugs in different cancers, developing new green drugs have become crucial. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles containing Cinnamomum verum J. Presl essential oil and cinnamaldehyde (major ingredient) were first prepared. The obtained nanoparticles were then characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR). After that, anticancer effects of the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated. IC 50 values of chitosan nanoparticles containing the essential oil were observed at 79 and 112 µg/mL against A-375 and MDA-MB-468 cells, respectively. These values for chitosan nanoparticles containing cinnamaldehyde were obtained at 135 and 166 µg/mL. The results of the current study indicated that chitosan nanoparticles containing C. verum essential oil can inhibit the growth of human melanoma (A-375) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) cells.