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Water-soluble lignin quaternary ammonium salts (LQ) were synthesized for use in the fabrication of electrospun morphology-controllable antibacterial polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/lignin nanofibers in a green solvent. LQ, which had adequate quaternary ammonium groups and good water solubility, exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains as confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and agar diffusion. The minimum inhibitory concentration of LQ against Staphylococcus aureus was 47.90 μg/mL which was comparable with those of other macromolecular antibacterial agents. The LQ-incorporated PVA nanofibers were electrospun in water. The nanofibers diameter, which was between 281 and 143 nm, was adjusted by varying the amount of LQ added. The thermal stabilities of the PVA/LQ nanofibers were …