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In this investigation, 18 children developed AKI based on adjusted SCr definition, with a frequency of AKI of 25.9% in the PTZ+ vancomycin group and 8.6% in the ceftriaxone+ vancomycin group (p= 0.041). The PTZ+ vancomycin and ceftriaxone+ vancomycin treatment groups were similar in baseline characteristics with the exception of the antibiotic indication and the initial 24-hour vancomycin area under the curve. Patients receiving PTZ+ vancomycin were more likely to be immunocompromised (10% vs 0%) and treated for empiric fever or pneumonia. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that the PTZ+ vancomycin combination increased the risk of AKI when compared with ceftriaxone+ vancomycin (adjusted OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 1.11–18.7; p= 0.035). Similarly, vancomycin trough serum concentrations at or above 15 µg/mL increased the risk of AKI (adjusted OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.12–15.2; p= 0.033 …