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We collected 3 yr of data on road-killed nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) to determine if these individuals were representative of the population as a whole. Comparisons between road kills and an adjacent live-caught population revealed no differences in sex ratios or the reproductive condition of adult females. However, there was a significant difference in the age structure of the two groups, with almost no juvenile road kills. Our live-caught population appeared representative of armadillo populations in general. Comparisons of the demography of this population with that from two other live-caught groups revealed no significant differences. Our data suggest that road-killed armadillos provide a representative picture of the demography of the adults in a population, but that information on age structure is misleading.