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Chardonnay is a neutral grape variety offering a diversity of wine styles that are popular among consumers. The links between wine production methods and Chardonnay wine volatile composition, as determinants of quality, require further elucidation. Over 80 commercial Australian Chardonnay wines were assessed by expert panelists who were asked to define four distinct levels of quality in a blind tasting. Wine aroma volatiles in each wine were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistical techniques were used to examine the relationship between volatile composition and quality as defined by the experts. Of 39 aroma compounds quantified, nine volatiles (including cis- and trans-oak lactones, furfural, and diethyl succinate) correlated significantly and positively with Chardonnay wine quality, while 11 volatiles (including fruity esters and …