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Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants which belong to the group of non-biodegradable and persistent compounds deposited in plant tissue (e.g. vegetables) which are then consumed by animals and humans. Increased pollution of natural environment with heavy metals, particularly in areas with anthropogenic pressure, also contributes to disorders in the natural balance of microbial populations. Molecular analysis carried out during the past decades revealed that density and diversity of microorganisms significantly correlated with increased contamination of the environment with heavy metals. As a result, a selective promotion of metal-tolerant genera of microorganisms was observed. In general, microorganisms are organisms with relatively high tolerance of unfavourable conditions, and these properties evolved over millions of years. In this chapter, a variety of mechanisms responsible for …