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Background: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a novel mode of ventilation that has been demonstrated to improve infant-ventilator interaction, compared to the conventional modes in retrospective and short-term studies. Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the physiologic effects of NAVA in comparison with pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC) in two nonrandomized 12-hour periods. Methods: We studied 14 consecutive intubated preterm neonates receiving mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Peak airway pressure (Paw_peak), diaphragm electrical activity (EAdi), tidal volume (V_T), mechanical (RR_mec) and neural (RR_neu) respiratory rates, neural apneas, and the capillary arterialized blood gases were measured. The RR_mec-to-RR_neu ratio (MNR) and the asynchrony index were also calculated. The amount of fentanyl administered was recorded. Results …