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In this paper, carboxymethyl straw has been applied to eliminate methylene blue (MB) in a fixed-bed column. The straw based adsorbent has shown high MB uptake in column. Various models such as Thomas, Clark, Adams–Bohart, Yoon–Nelson, Wolborska, and BDST model have been employed to fit the experimental data carefully. Among them, Thomas model is found to be the most suitable one to describe the adsorption behaviors, according with the monolayer chemical adsorption mechanism. Then the effects of initial solution pH, bed height, temperature, initial MB concentration and flow rate on column adsorption have been studied in detail based on Thomas model. It has been found that initial solution pH, bed height, initial MB concentration and flow rate can affect the breakthrough curves obviously, while temperature has no evident influence on the MB adsorption of the modified straw.