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Northern peatland ecosystems have cycled and stored substantial amounts of global land carbon (C) over the Holocene (the last 11,700 years). Today, peatlands are one of the largest terrestrial biosphere C pools and are the largest natural source of methane (CH4) in the northern hemisphere. Owing to their large accumulated C mass and dynamic greenhouse gas fluxes, these ecosystems have been an important component of the high-latitude C cycle for thousands of years. Peatland ecosystems and their C-rich peat archives have been studied for several decades, mostly for reconstructing past climate [Charman, 2002], and have been central