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The risk factors and disease conditions covered in this volume of Disease Control Priorities constitute the majority of the health burden facing middle-and high-income countries (MICs and HICs, respectively) today and are fast approaching a majority of the burden in low-income countries (LICs). Previous editions of Disease Control Priorities, published in 1993 and 2006, acknowledged the importance of cardiovascular and related diseases (CVRDs) to the future health and economic well-being of populations in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and singled out tobacco taxes and treatment of heart disease with low-cost generics as high-priority, cost-effective interventions. With some exceptions, most of the conclusions about cost-effectiveness were extrapolated from analyses done in HICs (Rodgers and others 2006) and from modeling, because of the paucity of economic analysis of interventions for CVRDs …