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We examined how set-volume equated resistance training using either the back squat (SQ) or hip thrust (HT) affected hypertrophy and various strength outcomes. Untrained college-aged participants were randomized into HT (n = 18) or SQ (n = 16) groups. Surface electromyograms (sEMG) from the right gluteus maximus and medius muscles were obtained during the first training session. Participants completed 9 weeks of supervised training (15–17 sessions), before and after which gluteus and leg muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) was assessed via magnetic resonance imaging. Strength was also assessed prior to and after the training intervention via three-repetition maximum (3RM) testing and an isometric wall push test. Gluteus mCSA increases were similar across both groups. Specifically, estimates [(−) favors HT (+) favors SQ] modestly favored the HT versus SQ for lower [effect ±SE, −1.6 ± 2.1 cm²; CI_95% (−6.1, 2.0)], mid [−0.5 ± 1.7 cm²; CI_95% (−4.0, 2.6)], and upper [−0.5 ± 2.6 cm²; CI_95% (−5.8, 4.1)] gluteal mCSAs but with appreciable variance. Gluteus medius + minimus [−1.8 ± 1.5 cm²; CI_95% (−4.6, 1.4)] and hamstrings [0.1 ± 0.6 cm²; CI_95% (−0.9, 1.4)] mCSA demonstrated little to no growth with small differences between groups. mCSA changes were greater in SQ for the quadriceps [3.6 ± 1.5 cm²; CI_95% (0.7, 6.4)] and adductors [2.5 ± 0.7 cm²; CI_95% (1.2, 3.9)]. Squat 3RM increases favored SQ [14 ± 2 kg; CI_95% (9, 18),] and hip thrust 3RM favored HT [−26 ± 5 kg; CI_95% (−34, −16)]. 3RM deadlift [0 ± 2 kg; CI_95% (−4, 3)] and wall push strength [−7 ± 12N; CI_95% (−32, 17)] similarly improved. All measured gluteal sites showed …