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Among the different types of nanocellulose being investigated, bacterial cellulose (BC) or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is receiving tremendous attention due to its purity and superior features. Either alone or in the form of composites, BC finds diverse applications in different fields. However, the low yield and productivity of BC by microbial cells and the high cost of the bioreactors and medium components, perhaps due to limited knowledge of its biosynthesis mechanism and extracellular transport in microbial cells, are major constraints to the industrial-scale production and commercial applications of BC and BC-based products. Molecular studies revealed the involvement of specific operons (bcsABCD) in the biosynthesis, extracellular transport, and in vitro supramolecular assembly of cellulose fibrils. The yield and productivity, as well as the innate structural and functional properties of BC, can be modulated …