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Aberrant nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. In this study, we determined whether NF-κB is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma, and, if so, whether increased NF-κB activation and its binding to DNA influence tumor progression. Using tissue samples obtained during transurethral prostatic resection and paraffin-embedded sections of benign and cancer specimens, we determined the nuclear expression of NF-κB/p65 and NF-κB/p50, cytoplasmic expression of IκBα, its phosphorylation, and expression of NF-κB-regulated genes, specifically Bcl2, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A progressive increase in the expression of NF-κB/p65 (but not of p50) was observed in cancer specimens compared to benign tissue, which correlated with increasing levels of IκBa …