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For regions where vitamin A deficiency is common, high dose vitamin A supplementation of lactating mothers is currently recommended, but the effects of this intervention have not been carefully evaluated. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in which 153 Indonesian mothers 1–3 wk postpartum received either a capsule containing 312 µmol of vitamin A as retinyl palmitate or a placebo. Mothers' serum retinol concentrations in the vitamin A group tended to be lower than in the placebo group at baseline but higher at 3 mo postpartum (1.39 vs. 1.24 µmol/L, P = 0.03) and 6 mo postpartum (1.23 vs. 1.08 µmol/L, P < 0.01). The milk retinol concentrations of the vitamin A group were higher than those of the placebo group by 0.48 to 1.18 µmol/L at 1–8 mo postpartum (P < 0.05). Among the infants at 6 mo of age, the prevalences of low serum retinol concentration (<0.52 µmol/L) were 36 and 15% in the placebo …