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This article is a call to action for how prospective population-based cohorts (PCs) representative of the general population, and distinct from clinical populations, can help advance our understanding of the emergence and progression of musculoskeletal pain. The specific and novel focus of this article is on “pain sensitivity in musculoskeletal conditions” 8 without a neuropathic component, as measured by quantitative sensory testing (QST), and currently the only feasible proxy for measuring pain sensitivity in large-scale studies. We do not yet know in nonclinical populations when and how heightened pain sensitivity emerges in relation to musculoskeletal pain, or vice versa, and the implications for pain chronicity across the lifecourse. Identifying and characterising the emergence and association of pain sensitivity, amongst other biopsychosocial factors, with musculoskeletal pain in nonclinical populations is …