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Increased soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) seed costs have motivated interest in reduced seeding rates to improve profitability while maintaining or increasing yield. However, little is known about the effect of early-season plant-to-plant spatial uniformity on the yield of modern soybean varieties planted at reduced seeding rates. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate traditional and devise new metrics for characterizing early-season plant-to-plant spatial uniformity, (ii) identify the best metrics correlating plant-to-plant spatial uniformity and soybean yield, and (iii) evaluate those metrics at different seeding rate (and achieved plant density) levels and yield environments. Soybean trials planted in 2019 and 2020 compared seeding rates of 160, 215, 270, and 321 thousand seeds ha⁻¹ planted with two different planters, Max Emerge and Exact Emerge, in rainfed and irrigated conditions in the United States (US …