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Both clinical and cultural competencies are of paramount importance in ensuring patients' safety and high-quality care. While problem-based learning (PBL) is a widely applied pedagogy in nursing education, an emerging technology-based pedagogy, virtual simulation provides a realistic clinical learning experience for students. It can be an effective solution for continuing clinical and cultural learning across countries in the era of the pandemic.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of virtual simulation and PBL on the perceived clinical and cultural competence for nursing students.

A randomized controlled cross-over study design was used.

Sixty-one undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students from five Asian regions were selected for participation.

Participants were randomized to receive either virtual simulation (group A) or PBL (group B …