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A molecular analysis was carried out on the European hermit beetles (the Osmoderma eremita species complex) to explore their genetic diversification and the robustness of previous morphologically based taxonomic arrangements. Complete sequences of mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene were obtained from 26 individuals. Mean levels of interspecific sequence divergence ranged from 0.044 to 0.186. The results indicate a clear‐cut distinction between two clades. The first one includes the W‐European O. eremitaScopoli 1763; and the two Italian endemic taxa Osmoderma italicumSparacio, 2000 and Osmoderma cristinaeSparacio, 1994; from southern peninsular Italy and Sicily, respectively. The second one includes the widespread E‐European Osmoderma barnabita; and the southern Balcanic Osmoderma lassalleiBaraud and Tauzin, 1991 from Greece and European Turkey. Within the two clades …