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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and secondary ion-mass spectroscopic (SIMS) analyses were performed on unground un-pumiced, unground pumiced, and ground labial enamel surfaces of young bovine incisors exposed to four different treatments: (1) immersion in 35% H₂O₂ for 60 min; (2) immersion in 37% H ₃PO₄ for 60 s; (3) immersion in 35% H₂O₂ for 60 min, in distilled water for two min, and in 37% H₃PO ₄ for 60 s; (4) immersion in 37% H₃PO₄ for 60 s, in distilled water for two min, and in 35% H₂O₂ for 60 min. Untreated unground un-pumiced, unground pumiced, and ground enamel surfaces, as well as synthetic hydroxyapatite surfaces, served as controls for intra-tooth evaluations of the effects of different treatments. The analyses indicated that exposure to 35% H₂O₂ alone, besides increasing the nitrogen content, produced no other significant change in the elemental composition of any of the …