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To enhance the characteristics of biodiesel, the inclusion of nanoparticles has been used in recent years. The objective of present study is to analyse a clean, green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable third generation Botryococcus braunii microalgae biodiesel blended with three different nanoparticles, namely lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), copper peroxide (CuO₂), and cerium oxide (CeO₂), in a volumetric quantity of 100 ppm for energy, exergy, and sustainability analysis in a diesel engine system, as well as the emission analysis to determine its impact on the climate. The work comprises a novel comparison based on first and second laws of thermodynamics. A low-displacement, four-stroke, single-cylinder, liquid-cooled, direct-injection engine running at 1500 rpm, 17.5 compression ratio, and injection timing of 23° crank angle bTDC is used for the study. The inclusion of various nanoparticles increases …