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In this study, the behavior of a 4-stroke, single-cylinder, CI engine are investigated using a second-generation Jatropha biodiesel with 100 ppm of graphene nanoparticles added to it. The blended fuel is named according to the different blending ratios of biodiesel and nanoparticles: JB100 (pure Jatropha biodiesel), JB20 (20% Jatropha biodiesel + 80% diesel), JB100Gn100 (pure Jatropha biodiesel + 100 ppm graphene nanoparticles), and JB20Gn100 (20% Jatropha biodiesel + 80% diesel + 100 ppm graphene nanoparticles). The engine behavior for heat generated inside the cylinder, efficiency, fuel consumption, smoke opacity and PM emissions, were analyzed and compared. The results showed that with the inclusion of graphene nanoparticles increased the thermal efficiency by 0.57–1.54%, and reduced the fuel consumption by 0.36–1.33%, smoke opacity by 0.45–4.12%, and PM emissions by 1.68–9.62 …