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The reduced performance of a diesel engine with biodiesel can be overcome by inclusion of nanoparticles. This study uses a novel binary mixture of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel (PJB) and 200 ppm of metal-based nanoparticles [cerium oxide (CeO₂), manganese dioxide (MnO₂), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂)], to operate and examine the behaviour of a four-stroke, one-cylinder, naturally aspirated, water-cooled diesel engine. The work comprises a new comparison of energy, exergy, and sustainability performance through energy distribution and utilisation inside the engine using first and second laws of thermodynamics for the fuel samples PJB0, PJB100, PJB100Ce, PJB100Mn, and PJB100Ti. The boundary conditions for the analysis are set to a compression ratio of 17.5, an engine speed of 1500 rpm, and injection timing of 23° crank angle bTDC. The addition of various nanoparticles into the pure PJB fuel increased …