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To determine the effect of increasing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22: 6 n-3) in breast milk on infant fatty acid profiles. A secondary aim was to examine aspects of neural development. Design and Setting Double blind, placebo controlled study of infants recruited from postnatal wards at Flinders Medical Centre. Fifty-two healthy term infants who were breast fed for at least 12 weeks and were from middle class families. Breast milk with DHA concentrations that ranged from 0.1–1.7% of total fatty acids. This was achieved by supplementation of the maternal diet for the first 12 weeks post partum. Breast milk DHA was related to infant plasma (r= 0.89, P< 0.001) and erythrocyte (r= 0.88, P< 0.001) phospholipids in a saturable curvilinear manner so that breast milk DHA above 0.8% of total fatty acids resulted in little further increase in infant plasma or erythrocyte DHA levels. The rise …