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Here we report the identification of a Drosophila IκB kinase complex containing DmIKKβ and DmIKKγ, homologs of the human IKKβ and IKKγ proteins. We show that this complex is required for the signal-dependent cleavage of Relish, a member of the Rel family of transcriptional activator proteins, and for the activation of antibacterial immune response genes. In addition, we find that the activated DmIKK complex, as well as recombinant DmIKKβ, can phosphorylate Relish in vitro. Thus, we propose that theDrosophila IκB kinase complex functions, at least in part, by inducing the proteolytic cleavage of Relish. The N terminus of Relish then translocates to the nucleus and activates the transcription of antibacterial immune response genes. Remarkably, thisDrosophila IκB kinase complex is not required for the activation of the Rel proteins Dif and Dorsal through the Toll signaling pathway, which is essential for antifungal …