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Nigeria is increasing rice production to boost food sufficiency, however, the nature and health risks of pollutants in rice milling wastewater need to be investigated for effective waste management. This study characterized and determined toxicity of Labana Rice Mill wastewater in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. After microbiological and physicochemical characterizations using standard protocols, 0, 25, 50 and 100%(v/v) of the wastewater were administered, respectively, to 24 rats (Rattus norvegicus L) equally divided into 4 groups for 28 days. Thereafter, blood parameters and liver enzymes as well as histopathologic changes in the livers and kidneys of the rats were estimated using standard protocols. Compared with World Health Organization (WHO) Standards, the microbiological characterization showed abnormal bacteria and yeast counts (> 1000 cfu ml-1). The physicochemical characterizations also showed abnormal levels of calcium (Ca), lead (Pb), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and nitrate. The blood parameters of the treated rats revealed a reduced (p< 0.05) concentration-dependent packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), and lymphocytes. Similar trend was also observed in the liver enzymes, namely alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). There was no histologic change in the nontreated rats, while the treated rats’ kidneys and livers revealed concentration-dependent cell degeneration and tubular atrophy as well as …