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The neuropsychological studies are consistent with the notion that patients with dementias of different etiologies can be differentiated from each other and from patients with amnesic conditions. Luria's neuropsychology exemplified the enormous advantages of the process-achievement approach to clinical phenomena. Although actuarial approaches to neuropsychology have suggested that the severe memory deficits of such patient populations are highly similar when assessed with standardized tests of memory, investigations applying the concepts and models of cognitive neuropsychology have often noted important differences among these superficially comparable retention deficiencies. To exemplify the utility of cognitive psychology to the study of impaired memory, the chapter reviews a series of studies comparing the memory disorders of patients with diencephalic and basal ganglia damage. Investigations …