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Intra-annual wood density fluctuations are valuable indicators of the role of the local climate and provenance origins on tree growth. These intra-ring wood features were the most informative about local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of Pinus halepensis Mill. in a provenance trial. This highlights the importance of taking provenance into account when selecting forest reproductive material to mitigate the effects of climate change.

It is essential to disentangle the influence of climate from the effect of provenance on inter- and intra-annual wood traits to identify populations’ responses to climate changes. This will be even more relevant in the drought-prone Mediterranean region, where species have high genetic differentiation among populations.

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