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To summarize evidence from the literature on genetic and non‐genetic risk factors associated with pre‐eclampsia (PE), assess the presence of statistical bias in the studies and identify risk factors for which there is robust evidence supporting their association with PE.

PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched from inception to October 2016, to identify systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of observational studies examining associations between genetic or non‐genetic risk factors and PE. For each meta‐analysis, the summary‐effect size was estimated using random‐effects and fixed‐effects models, along with 95% CIs and the 95% prediction interval. Between‐study heterogeneity was expressed using the I² statistic, and evidence of small‐study effects (large studies had significantly more conservative results than smaller studies) and evidence of excess significance bias (too many …