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The ramifications of fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence extend well beyond their physical manifestations. To promote work that will reduce suffering and costs attributable to fecal and urinary incontinence, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Office of Medical Applications of Research of the National Institutes of Health convened a State-of-the-Science Conference to assess the available scientific evidence. This article answers key questions about the evidence.