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GBCA degrade in water, and photochemically [1]. Furthermore, as for lanthanides and other heavy metals such as yttrium (Y3+), GBCA can be dissociated in the presence of other ions such as iron (Fe3+), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Cu2+), over a long time period [2]. High concentrations of calcium and magnesium can also transmetalize some linear GBCAs in seawater due to the isosteric effect between the cations.