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Excessive release of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere and continuous utilization of fossil fuels has resulted in global warming and energy shortage. Among the different alternatives, photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to fuels and hydrogen production is a promising approach. To achieve this goal, highly efficient and low-cost semiconductor are demanding to maximize solar energy conversion to renewable fuels. In this perspective, metal free two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted numerous considerations because of its low cost and higher reduction potential, but it has a lower efficiency. Herein, we demonstrated various engineering defect strategies in g-C₃N₄ to promote photocatalytic efficiency under solar energy. Initially, an overview of engineering defects, creation of different vacancies in g-C₃N₄, and their identification is discussed. In the main stream …