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In this chapter, which is focused on suboptimal choice and the associated clinical conditions that engender it, we devote particular attention to choices that are recurring and persistently suboptimal, that lead to the consumption of some commodity or event that provides an immediate and overvalued gratification, and that result in high costs over the long term. This problem of suboptimal choice is what we refer to as reinforcement pathologies. For our purposes, we define reinforcement pathologies as representing the combined effect of (a) the persistently high reinforcing value of a commodity or substance, broadly defined to include experiences and tangible consumables, and (b) the preference for the immediate acquisition or consumption of that commodity despite long-term negative outcomes. Prototypic examples of reinforcement pathologies include pathological overconsumption of various classes of …