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Terrorist attacks through building ventilation systems are becoming an increasing concern. In case pollutants are intentionally released in a building with mechanical ventilation systems, it is critical to localize the source and characterize its releasing curve. Previous inverse modeling studies have adopted the adjoint probability method to identify the source location and used the Tikhonov regularization method to determine the source releasing profile, but the selection of the prediction model and determination of the regularization parameter remain challenging. These limitations can affect the identification accuracy and prolong the computational time required. To address the difficulties in solving the inverse problems, this work proposed a Markov-chain-oriented inverse approach to identify the temporal release rate and location of a pollutant source in buildings with ventilation systems and validated it in an …