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In industrialized countries, approximately 12% of men and 7% of women will form at least one kidney stone in their life and the prevalence of nephrolithiasis is increasing. Historically, men were much more likely to form kidney stones than women, but recent data show the prevalence in women is approaching that of men. After presenting with their initial stone, about 50% of patients will have a second stone within 8 years. Some patients will have multiple recurrent stones, with the most severe patients forming new stones every few weeks.