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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) are massively produced in the environment, and because of their wide usage, they are a potential risk of damage to human health. TiO₂-NPs are often used as additives for paints, papers, and foods. The central nervous system (CNS), including hippocampal regions, is potentially susceptible targets for TiO₂-NPs. This study aimed to determine the effects of exposure to TiO₂-NPs during pregnancy on hippocampal cell proliferation and the learning and memory of offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats received intragastric TiO₂-NPs (100 mg/kg body weight) daily from gestational day (GD) 2 to (GD) 21. Animals in the control group received the same volume of distilled water via gavage. After delivery, the one-day-old neonates were deeply anesthetized and weighed. They were then killed and the brains of each group were collected. Sections of the brains from the rat offspring were …